Mary White Ovington Biography Founding the NAACP

Mary White Ovington (April 11, 1865 - July 15, 1951), a settlement house worker and writer, is remembered for the 1909 call that led to the founding of the NAACP, and for being a trusted colleague and friend of W.E.B. Du Bois. She was a board member and officer of the NAACP over 40 years. Early Commitments to Racial Justice Mary White Ovingtons parents had been abolitionists; her grandmother had been a friend of William Lloyd Garrison. She also heard about racial justice from the familys minister, Reverend John White Chadwick of the Second Unitarian Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York. As did a growing number of young women of the time, especially in social reform circles, Mary White Ovington chose education and career over either marriage or becoming her parents caretaker. She attended a girls school and then Radcliffe College. At Radcliffe (then called the Harvard Annex), Ovington was influenced by the ideas of socialist economics professor William J. Ashley. Settlement House Beginnings Her familys financial problems forced her withdrawal from Radcliffe College in 1893, and she went to work for the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. She helped the Institute found a settlement house, called Greenpoint Settlement, where she worked for seven years. Ovington credits a speech she heard at Greenpoint Settlement by Booker T. Washington in 1903 with her subsequent focus on racial equality. In 1904 Ovington undertook an extensive study of the economic situation for African Americans in New York, published in 1911. In this, she pointed to white prejudice as the source of discrimination and segregation, which in turn led to a lack of equal opportunity. On a trip to the South, Ovington met W.E.B. Du Bois, and began a long correspondence and friendship with him. Mary White Ovington then cofounded another settlement house, the Lincoln Settlement in Brooklyn. She supported this center for many years as a fundraiser and board president. In 1908, a meeting in a restaurant in New York of the Cosmopolitan Club, an interracial group, caused a media storm and vicious criticism of Ovington for hosting a miscegenation dinner. Call to Create an Organization In 1908, after terrible race riots in Springfield, Illinois -- especially shocking to many because this seemed to signal a transfer of race war to the North -- Mary White Ovington read an article by William English Walling which asked, Yet who realizes the seriousness of the situation, and what large and powerful body of citizens is ready to come to their aid? In a meeting between Walling, Dr. Henry Moskowitz, and Ovington, they decided to issue a call for a meeting on February 12, 1909, on Lincolns birthday, to address what large and powerful body of citizens might be created. They recruited others to sign a call to the conference; among the sixty signers were W.E.B. Du Bois and other black leaders, but also a number of black and white women, many recruited through Ovingtons connections: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, the anti-lynching activist; Jane Addams, settlement house founder; Harriot Stanton Blatch, activist daughter of feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Florence Kelley of the National Consumers League; Anna Garlin Spencer, professor in what became Columbia Universitys school of social work and a pioneer woman minister; and more. The National Negro Conference met as suggested in 1909, and again in 1910. At this second meeting, the group agreed to form a more permanent organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Ovington and Du Bois Mary White Ovington is generally credited with bringing W.E.B. Du Bois into the NAACP as its director and Ovington remained a friend and trusted colleague to W.E.B. Du Bois, often helping mediate between him and others. He left the NAACP in the 1930s to advocate separate black organizations; Ovington remained within the NAACP and worked to keep it an integrated organization. Ovington served on the Executive Board of the NAACP from its founding until she retired for health reasons in 1947. She served in a variety of other positions, including as Director of Branches, and, from 1919 to 1932, as chair of the board, and 1932 to 1947, as treasurer. She also wrote and helped publish the Crisis, the NAACP publication that supported racial equality and also became a key supporter of the Harlem Renaissance. Beyond the NAACP and Race Ovington was also active in the National Consumers League and in activities to eliminate child labor. As a supporter of the womens suffrage movement, she worked for the inclusion of African American women in the movements organizations. She was also a member of the Socialist Party. Retirement and Death In 1947, Mary White Ovingtons ill health led her to retire from activities and move to Massachusetts to live with a sister; she died there in 1951. Mary White Ovington Facts Background, Family Father: Theodore Tweedy OvingtonMother: Ann Louisa Ketcham Education Packer Collegiate InstituteRadcliffe College (then called Harvard Annex) Organizations:  NAACP, Urban League, Greenpoint Settlement, Lincoln Settlement, Socialist Party Religion:  Unitarian Also known as:  Mary W. Ovington, M. W. Ovington Bibliography Mary White Ovington.  Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York, 1911 (study in 1904).___.  Hazel, childrens book, 1913.___. How the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Began (pamphlet), 1914.___.  Portraits in Color, 1927.___.  The Walls Came Tumbling Down, 1947.___.  The awakening; a play.___.  Phillis Wheatley, a play, 1932.___. Ralph E. Luker, editor.  Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder, 1995.Carolyn Wedin.  Inheritors of the Spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP, 1997.

Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gay Men Essay - 1181 Words

There are many stereotypes and false depictions that gravitate amongst different ethnicities, genders, and sexualities in television and film. We are all affected by this in positive and negative ways, there is no hiding from it. Although, what is one to do if they are constantly ridiculed because of who or what they are based on their own sexuality? Gay men are often seen in television shows and films as flamboyant and lesbian women are often seen to be this type of masculine-type female try to evolve herself as a man. These depictions can be true for some gay men and lesbian females, but certainly not all within the lesbian and gay communities. When a man identifies as gay, he is identifying himself and to others that he is attracted to males and because of this, it should not allow people to assume he is a flamboyant individual based on his sexual preference. When a woman identifies as a lesbian it should only change the fact that she has a preference for women, not her appearance . Where have these influences come from and how do they affect the gay community? Mainly focusing on gay males. We will explore television shows and films that reflect positive and negative representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual community, the influences that caused these certain stereotypes and the effects of these stereotypes to the community itself. We can easily identify how family values, religion, and society influences external homophobia. Since these certain ethicsShow MoreRelatedHow Does Drag Affect Stereotypes About Gay Men And The Adventures Of Priscilla Queen Of The Desert1150 Words   |  5 Pagesemerged in the late 1900s, others claim that modern drag actually emerged following the Stonewall Riots. (Taylor and Rupp 2003). There is ample literature on drag queens and/or their performances. Many authors write about how drag reinforces stereotypes about gay men, how it can be misogynistic, and how it reifies the masculine/feminine, male/female, hetero/homosexual dichotomies. In contrast, some scholars assert that drag performances can break down dichotomies associated with gender, sex, and sexualityRead MoreThe Gay Of Being A Gay1321 Words   |  6 Pages Being Gay in America Being a gay person in America is not nearly as difficult as it once once. There was a time at one point where homosexuality in the US was treated as taboo as many other social subjects such as criminality. However, times, beliefs, and perspectives have changed in the general populous. In 1996, only 27% of Americans polled by Gallop showed a positive stance on gay marriage, and homosexuality in general. By May of 2015, this percentage was nearly reverse, with only 37% of theRead MoreCommon Stereotypes and Their Impact954 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Introduction A stereotype is in basic terms the generalization of certain groups of people based on either widely-held assumptions or characteristics/behaviors of small samples of the said groups. In this text, I identify three stereotypes I encounter in my daily life and the effect such stereotypes have on other people. The arguments that could be used to either support or discredit the said stereotypes will also be highlighted. Stereotypes Common Stereotypes and their Impact We all encounterRead MoreQueer As Folk : Over The Extent Of The United States848 Words   |  4 Pagesthe fight for equality for LGBTQI — that is, lesbian, gays, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and inter-sexual. The LGBTQ started its uprise in the ‘50s as homosexuals started to become more well known — not necessarily accepted, however — among society. The LGBTQI community has quickly progressed since the ‘50s and ‘60s, bringing along with it many social changes, transgressions, feelings of hate, misconceptions, and a plethora of stereotypes — changing society’s views on sex, marriage, love, andRead MoreHow Heteronormativity And Media Stereotypes On Queer People Express Their Sexualities1655 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HOW HETERONORMATIVITY AND MEDIA STEREOTYPES IN SOCIETY INFLUENCES HOW QUEER PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR SEXUALITIES How heteronormativity and media stereotypes influences how queer people express their sexualities Vanessa Gomes Ryerson University â€Å"Who is the man in the relationship?† â€Å"Who tops or bottoms?† These questions have become a fundamental part in queer people’s lives. Why do non queer people need for queer people and their relationships to imitate heternormativeRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Media1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult to find different opinions as well as stereotypes. Stereotypes are found in the media every day and affect our opinion as well as how we perceive others. Stereotypes of the GLBT community in the media are most commonly found in movies or in TV shows but they rarely talk about their sexual identity. When their identity is being portrayed, it is shown with some form of stereotype. The identity of the homosexual seems to stem from a stereotype itself; sometimes as if the GLBT community hasRead MoreQueer Identity : Modern Family1460 Words   |  6 Pagesunconventional. Non-traditional or unconventional families include; single parenthood, singleho od and LGBT relationships. Modern family is a comedy exploring the different â€Å"modern† families. This show explores a huge unconventional family through a gay couple, made up of Mitchell and Cameron, and their adopted daughter Lily; a straight couple comprised of Phil and Clare, and their three children, Luke, Alex and Hayley; and a multicultural family which is comprised of Jay and his much younger wifeRead MoreGay Marriage Is an Illustration of the Society Diversifying and Negative Stereotypes Becoming Irrelevant1186 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGE IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF SOCIETY DIVERSIFYING AND NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES BECOMING IRRELEVANT This essay attempts to analyze the idea of gay marriage and how this type of union can be seen or not as an illustration of social diversity, which can tend to the elimination of negative stereotypes to a point that they become irrelevant. This essay will approach the topic above mentioned, examining some of the arguments that people have given in order to support gay marriage and on the otherRead MoreStereotypes - A Hasty Generalization Essay example961 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes are everywhere and can be about anyone. Generalized remarks about gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity or age are common forms of stereotyping. Any time someone makes hasty groupings whether by race, gender or an individual and makes a blanket judgment about them is stereotyping. Military members are no different than society. One of the militarys greatest assets is its diverse workforce but with diversity comes stereotypes. As a woman in the military, I frequently encounterRead MoreThe Media Has Influenced The Thinking Of The American People1112 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican people (Hart, 3). It was not until the mid to late 1980’s that gays were beginning to gain access to TV shows. Before their debut onto te levision, however, there were a number of stereotypes going around on mass media and the world and much of it were derogatory terms or anti-gay jokes. In 1970, television began to partake in the stereotypes of homosexuals, but specifically towards gay men (Hart, 4). However, these stereotypes do not hold true for all homosexuals and as times move forward towards

Essay on John Steinbeck and Upton Sinclair a Comparison

John Steinbeck and Upton Sinclair: A Comparison â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath†, written by John Steinbeck and â€Å"The Jungle†, written by Upton Sinclair are two books that have and will forever be impactful on American history and literature. They are both considered very powerful novels. Although these books seem very different, they are much more similar than they seem. Steinbeck tells the story of a family making their way to California amidst the Great Depression and era of the Dust Bowl, while Sinclair tells the story of immigrants working in the horrifying conditions of meat pack factories in Chicago in the early 1900s. Steinbeck criticized the commercialism of farming in America and Sinclair takes a satirical approach to the flaws and†¦show more content†¦It seems as though Steinbeck takes almost a poetic approach in his use of imagery throughout the novel. The words flow together very nicely and almost lyrically. Steinbeck sets up each image in a way that allows the readers to associate and relate with the story or characters. Just as Sinclair does, Steinbeck gives readers a firsthand look at the trials and tribulations experienced during the era of the Great Depression. Readers can step into the story or the world of the characters so to speak. Symbolism is also quite prevalent throughout both Steinbeck’s and Sinclair’s novel. Symbolism is used in representation of something else, such as a theme or idea. Steinbeck describes a turtle crossing the road very deeply and very detail. The turtle gets flipped over on his back, but gets back up. This could be representative of the Joad family. Despite any setbacks, they continue on just as the turtle does and eventually makes it across the road. The truck that the Joads use to travel to California is very old and experiences many problems and malfunctions. This could also represent the Joad family and the fact that they persevere to make it to better life. Sinclair uses meta phors to describe capitalism. He uses the idea of capitalism as being represented by a huge machine and all the poor workers, such as those working in the disgusting conditions ofShow MoreRelatedEnglish All Semester 26504 Words   |  27 Pagesin the same bed until her death. * * 5.04Upton Sinclair Respond to the following in complete, well-developed sentences. 1. Upton Sinclair was called a muckraker. How did Sinclair muckrake for social reform? Upton Sinclair â€Å"muckrake† for social reform, by reporting the horrible conditions women, men, and children were working in, he dedicated himself to uncovering the ill conditions of the meat industries. 2. Sinclair was convinced .... through art one could cause change.

Network Upgrading for Cookie Co for Cabling Plan- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNetwork Upgrading for Cookie Co for Cabling Plan. Answer: Introduction Network upgrades are done for certain reasons like improving the performance, security features as well as the reliability of the existing network. It is becoming an essential need for the organizations for the purpose of future growth and development. Cookie Co. is a well known chain store that sells cookies in the country. It carries online as well as offline retail services. Certain problems like slow network connectivity and voice calls that are unreliable and distorted have made them realize that it is required to upgrade the network. This report focuses on recommending an appropriate and suitable network infrastructure for the purpose of overcoming the challenges of the existing network of Cookie Co. It gives a clear overview about the LAN types, network convergence as well as the transmission media that will help Cookie Co. to grow in the future. It talks about the storage solution and data processing model that will be suitable for Cookie Co. It also suggests four network services that will help to improve the productivity of the company. Discussion Network Infrastructure Network Convergence The network convergence infrastructure will include certain components like storage devices, servers and networking equipments. Cookie Co. can integrate the services like internet, telecommunication as well as broadcasting services. It will help the organization to carry out the business operations in an effective manner. The head office will be responsible for managing the network needs that are core to the company. The head office will contain the main server of the organization. The main switch of the organization will be connected to the server. This will lead to the formation of a bridge among several devices. The switch generally contains 1X8 ports that will have 1X24 connections. One port switch can pass over a firewall to connect to the routers for Internet access. Some other port that will comply with IEEE 802.11n standard can be used for the purpose of wireless connections. The LAN connection present in the office can be connected to some other port for facilitating the int ernet access by all the computer devices. LAN Type and Cabling Plan Cookie Co. can use Ethernet cables for the purpose of LAN connection. Ethernet cables have huge similarity with the telephone cables but it has more wires unlike telephone cables. Ethernet cabling will enable the devices in the local area network or LAN to connect with one another (Stephens et al. 2012). The main business components like routers, computer devices as well as switches can be connected in an effective manner by the Ethernet cables. The Ethernet card is present on the motherboard of the computer and this can be used for accessing the Ethernet ports. Ethernet cables have several benefits like it is resistant towards electrical interferences and it helps in improving the performance of the business activities. Cookie Co. can use Gigabit Ethernet for the purpose of meeting the requirements of the enterprise networks. Gigabit Ethernet will enhance the performance of the network. Official documents and files can be sent over the network with full ease by using the Gigabit Ethernet switch. Ethernet switch will also help the company to effectively access applications that are critical in nature (Rizzo and Lettieri 2012). The productivity and efficiency of the head office and branches will increase. The organization will be able to run many applications at the same time. The Gigabit Ethernet switch has the capability to grow by utilizing the investment done in the technology. This in turn will help the business to grow and develop. WAN Connection WAN is said to connect various LANs. A companys WAN will connect the head office and branch offices. A router can be used for connecting the WAN with the various LANs. WAN will enable Cookie Co. to share important files across the several branches The company will not have to install same firewall, application server in different locations. ADSL can be deployed by the company for delivering high bandwidth. VDSL can also be deployed as it offers high bandwidth in all direction. Cookie Co. can deploy ISDN for transmitting data, voice, video and various network services over PSTN (Bocker 2012). This company can utilize dial-up Internet access. This will offer a cost effective solution to the company. Cookie Co. will be able to improve its productivity and effectiveness by adopting WAN connection. Transmission Media Cookie Co. will get maximum benefit by using optical fibers. Optical fibers transfer information by using light pulses. The single mode optical can be used in long distance and multimode fibers can be used in case of short distance (Miller 2012). Optical fibers are resistant to any type of electromagnetic interferences because light signals are transmitted here instead of current signals. Electromagnetic energy is not radiated by fiber optics and therefore it is not possible to intercept the emissions. Hence the data security of Cookie Co. will increase by using optical fibers (Barnoski 2012). Fiber optics has the capability to send high bandwidth signal across long distances. The ease of installation of this transmission media will allow the company to save time and cost. DNS and IP Management There are tools that can be used for managing the networks. These tools will play an effective role in managing the IP and DNS. Address management tools play a significant role in managing the MAC address, IP addresses and DNS. In order to monitor the networks OptUtils software can be installed. It is also effective in managing DNS. This software can play a significant role in reviewing network status, host name and lookups for IP addresses that are specific in nature. Network Services Cookie Co. can deploy the following network services: VoIP: This can be used for creating a connection between business and telecommunication networks. This will enable the business to enhance its performance and at the same time consume low power (Jelassi et al. 2012). It will grow the productivity level by facilitating easy communication between branch offices and the head office of the company (Sinnreich and Johnston 2012). Undistorted voice calls will increase customer satisfaction level. Intranet: This will provide a private network to Cookie Co. It will facilitate better internal communication that will help in improving the productivity of the company (Neill and Richard 2012). This network will not be open to the public network. Customer service will improve as the staffs will be able to access correct information regarding the clients. Extranet: Cookie Co. will be able to extend the private network or intranet to specific authorized suppliers and clients (Rekhter et al. 2016). This network service will facilitate Cookie Co. to collaborate its head office as well as the office branches. Customers will be able to get information about the company and this will increase customer loyalty. Email: This network service will facilitate effective official communication. It will save time of the employees by giving the facility of sending automatic mails (Fariborzi and Zahedifard 2012). Daily operations can be sorted out in an effective manner and this will improve the operational efficiency of the company. Data Processing Facilities Data Storage Cookie Co. can utilize cloud services for the purpose of storing sensitive information of the company. Cloud services will help the company to utilize resources without owning them. The cloud storage services will facilitate the company to manage as well as store information from a different location. The company will not have to utilize own storage space. The employees of the company will be able to access important files and documents by using Internet connection. The operating cost of the business will be saved by adopting cloud storage facilities. The collaboration of the branch offices along with the head office will become effective (Jadeja and Modi 2012). The work environment will become more efficient and flexible than it was before. Cloud will provide on-demand service to Cookie Co. and this will help the company to save cost which can be utilized in other aspects of the business. The employees will not have to waste their time on managing the internal storage issues. The th ird party vendors will handle these kinds of issues. Another storage solution can be adopting distributed database which will help to sync and integrate all information in a logical way (Kuhlenkamp, Klems and Rss 2014). This will help to improve the productivity and operations of Cookie Co. Data Processing Cookie Co. can use P2P model where the computer devices and the central database system or servers will be connected via LANs. Multiple peer models enable the computers to connect with one another by using the servers. Cookie Co. will be able to cut down its expenses as all time administration will not be required. The company will be able to improve its operational efficiency and customer services by adopting P2P model of data processing. Conclusion and Recommendations This report concluded that the Cookie Co. will be able to improve its productivity and operational efficiency by deploying an appropriate network infrastructure. It suggested that Ethernet cabling will be effective in case of LAN connections and VPN will be effective in case of WAN connections. This report recommended that VoIP will be effective in case of collaboration between branch offices and the head office of Cookie Co. Intranet, email as well as extranet services were said to be advantageous in improving the operational efficiency of the business. According to this report, Cookie Co. will be able to save cost and improve the customer service level by adopting cloud services. This report concluded that P2P model will be appropriate for Cookie Co and optical fibers will promote secure communication in the network. References Barnoski, M. ed., 2012.Fundamentals of optical fiber communications. Elsevier. Bocker, P., 2012.ISDN The Integrated Services Digital Network: Concept, Methods, Systems. Springer Science Business Media. Fariborzi, E. and Zahedifard, M., 2012. E-mail Marketing: Advantages, Disadvantages andImproving Techniques.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,2(3), p.232. Jadeja, Y. and Modi, K., 2012, March. Cloud computing-concepts, architecture and challenges. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Jelassi, S., Rubino, G., Melvin, H., Youssef, H. and Pujolle, G., 2012. Quality of experience of VoIP service: A survey of assessment approaches and open issues.IEEE Communications surveys tutorials,14(2), pp.491-513. Kuhlenkamp, J., Klems, M. and Rss, O., 2014. Benchmarking scalability and elasticity of distributed database systems.Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,7(12), pp.1219-1230. Miller, S. ed., 2012.Optical fiber telecommunications. Elsevier. Neill, W.D. and Richard, J.E., 2012. Intranet portals: marketing and managing individuals acceptance and use.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.147-157. Rekhter, Y., Rosen, E., Aggarwal, R., Cai, Y. and Morin, T., 2016.Extranet Multicast in BGP/IP MPLS VPNs(No. RFC 7900). Rizzo, L. and Lettieri, G., 2012, December. Vale, a switched ethernet for virtual machines. InProceedings of the 8th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies(pp. 61-72). ACM. Sinnreich, H. and Johnston, A.B., 2012.Internet communications using SIP: Delivering VoIP and multimedia services with Session Initiation Protocol(Vol. 27). John Wiley Sons. Stephens, B., Cox, A., Felter, W., Dixon, C. and Carter, J., 2012, December. PAST: Scalable Ethernet for data centers. InProceedings of the 8th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies(pp. 49-60). ACM.